Sources and photo credits

Research sources

We consulted the following types of source. We list operators’ materials by name only, because we do not link to casino or hotel sales pages.

• Casino Baden-Baden: published entry requirements, dress code and admission fees; Baden-Baden tourism information.
• Groupe Barrière: responsible-gambling commitments and casino descriptions for Deauville and Cannes; Deauville tourist office.
• Casino Estoril: conditions of access and responsible-gaming guidance; Portuguese concession contract published in the Diário da República (2023); Cascais municipal heritage guide to modernist architecture.
• Casinos Austria: visitor and gaming regulations (Besuchs- und Spielordnung) for Casino Velden; player-protection information on limits and self-exclusion.
• France: Autorité nationale des jeux (ANJ) and Service-Public.fr on the interdiction volontaire de jeux.
• Austria: Federal Ministry of Social Affairs and Health guidance on smoke-free hospitality and casinos.
• Hotel histories: French Ministry of Culture heritage inventory (Le Normandy), press coverage of the Brenners reopening, Michelin Guide hotel listings and hotel fact sheets.
• Game mathematics: published rules from French casino groups for boule; standard house-edge calculations for roulette, Caribbean Stud, Three Card Poker and Ultimate Texas Hold’em as widely documented by gaming mathematicians.

Photo credits

All photographs come from Wikimedia Commons and are used under the licences shown. Some have been resized or cropped. Photographs may not reflect current appearance.